CRJS499IP2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRJS499IP2 - Research Paper Example The soul of the demonstration is established on the thought of giving all that is legally necessary implementation, inside the constraints of the constitution, to adequately battle the war on fear (Doyle, 2002). The fundamental reason for the Patriot Act is to rebuff and forestall psychological militant acts inside the United States and on the planet. The Act likewise upgrades the investigatory forces of law implementation and achieves different purposes which incorporate reinforcing of the country’s measures in the location, anticipation and indictment of universal illegal tax avoidance and budgetary fear based oppression plans. The demonstration gives law implementation capacity to examine remote establishments, wards and classes of exchanges or records that are helpless against misuse. It additionally fortifies measures planned for forestalling the utilization of the country’s money related frameworks for individual increase through debasement by remote authorities just as encouraging the repatriation of taken advantages for the proprietors of such resources. Moreover, the demonstration requires all budgetary specialist organizations to report all components of likely illega l tax avoidance exercises (Jaeger, Bertot, and McClure, 2003). The Patriot Act rolled out a few improvements to the laws that existed before its establishment. A portion of the enactments that were influenced by the Patriot Act incorporate the Electronic Communication Privacy Act, the Money Laundering Control Act, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the Immigration and Nationality Act and the Bank mystery Act. The progressions acquainted with permit agents to utilize previously existing apparatuses to explore sedate dealing and sorted out wrongdoing, particularly using observation and directing examinations without alarming fear mongers (Doyle, 2002). The demonstration encourages the sharing of data and increment collaboration between government organizations so as to work viably in fathoming cases. The demonstration likewise refreshed the current laws to reflect new dangers and innovations just as

Origins of the Cold War free essay sample

Henceforth, I would regard the beginning of the Cold War as the point in time when the United States (US) ventured out of its approach of disconnection and took up the arrangement of control, in this way successfully denoting the beginning of a severe bi-polar ideological battle between the West, drove by the US, and the East, drove by the USSR, which never entirely prompted open or hot threats between the principals. Utilizing the parameters that I have set, the Truman Doctrine would be, as I would see it, the most huge occasion that denoted the beginning of the Cold War.Though it tends to be contended that Seamans Long Telegram upheld American protection from what the West saw as Soviet expansionism and might have been, in this manner, essential in the foundation of the Truman Doctrine and that Churchill iron window ornament discourse clarified that the Cold War was at that point in presence. It can likewise be contended that it was the Marshall Plan that had genuinely demonstrated the thought processes of the US, which was to contain the spread of socialism, and along these lines profoundly exacerbated the effectively harsh ties between the LOS and the USSR. Likewise, maybe some may state that Cadenza Two Camps discourse was the headliner that denoted the beginning of the Cold War as it had caused a lot of interruptions and henceforth, added to the air of strain. Anyway it is because of the Truman Doctrine that made a snowball impact that caused the usage of the Marshall Plan and Cadenza Two Camps discourse was the Soviets reaction to the Truman Doctrine. Additionally Seamans Long Telegram and Churchill Iron Curtain discourse were progressively similar to prequels to the beginning of the Cold War than the fundamental causes.Hence, it is to a huge degree that the Truman Doctrine had denoted the beginning of the Cold War. It is in my contention that the Truman Doctrine was the headliner that best raked the beginning of the Cold War, especially on the political-ideological front. The Truman Doctrine which expressed that it must be the arrangement of the US to help free people groups who are opposing endeavored enslavement by furnished minorities and outside weights ?was truly conceived to contain the spread of communism.At first, Stalin had still sought after collaboration with the West as found by they way he stayed nonpartisan in the Greek common war. In any case, as the US went ahead with their concept of worldwide guard of the free world against socialism, the Soviets fought back with their very own comparable rationale ?the Cadenza s Two Camps discourse. Henceforth, this was a defining moment in History as the US got some distance from its arrangement of neutrality to control and along these lines, constrained the USSR to fight back, thus causing the approaching gap of Europe. Notwithstanding, it very well may be contended that the Sadness Two Camps discourse had been a consequence of both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan, in this manner, the Truman Doctrine was basically only a political-ideological report which communicated US aim against the USSR. In any case, it was critical in the way that, along these lines, the US had unpremeditated conceded to the military commitments of outside nations in peacetime and from this time forward began the harsh bi-polar ideological battle between the West, drove by the US, and the East, drove by the USSR.The Marshall Plan was one of the key occasions that had prompted the beginning of the Cold War on the financial front. The Marshall Plan-?which was supposed to be a determined hazard to stop World War 3 preceding it begins ?was really an arrangement to help Western Europe to forestall appreciation for the possibility of socialism and from this time forward fall under the control of the USSR. In spite of the f act that the Marshall plan had rejected neither USSR nor the Eastern Europe, there were conditions applied with the end goal that the USSR proved unable/would not have any significant bearing for aid.This had prompted the monetary division of Europe; where on one side there was the Western Europe getting help from US and on the opposite side USSR and Eastern Europe denying the guide. In any case, this arrangement would not have been conceivable had US not ventured out of its strategy of nonintervention, subsequently it is increasingly able to state that it was the Truman Doctrine that had made all these conceivable. By and by, the Marshall Plan had saw the monetary division of Europe and used to be one key occasion that helped prompted the beginning of the Cold War.Cadenzas Two Camps discourse can likewise be contended as one Of the key occasions that prompted the beginning of the Cold War with respect to the USSR. Pity Two Camps discourse ?which guaranteed that the world had been separated into two camps; an enemy of radical and equitable camp drove by the ISRC and a colonialist and hostile to popularity based camp headed by the US-?denoted the point in time when Stalin no longer accepted that participation was conceivable and furthermore obviously showing the political-ideological division of Europe. Is had prompted the deserting of the strategy of collaboration with the West and the seizing of intensity and production of social orders displayed on the Soviet framework where conceivable. In any case, it was not to state this was the headliner that had prompted the beginning of the Cold War as it was basically because of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Regardless, Sadness Two Camps discourse had denoted the point in time when Stalin no longer accepted that participation was conceivable and an out and out affirmation that they won't keep down any longer.Seamans Long Telegram was one of the key occasions that denoted the beginning of the Cold War on the political front, however not as an immediate reason yet all the more a prequel. Keenan guaranteed that it was no utilization for America to concede the Soviets any concessions or bargains since the Soviets were twisted on complete devastation of adversaries, and that Western countries must unite as one out of an increasingly firm coalition, and this would be driven by the US. This had incited Truman to characterize the Soviets as the adversary and to build up a more clear and harder strategy (I. E. The Truman Doctrine) towards them and henceforth fortified doubt and swaggers into American and Public opinion.Also, because of this, it had pretty much supported American protection from what the West saw as Soviet Truman Doctrine and accordingly Sadness Two Camps discourse, which was the point at which the USSR felt that collaboration with the wartime partners not, at this point conceivable. In any case, it is unjustifiable to state that Seamans Long Telegram was one of the key occasions that denoted the beginning of the Cold War and leave it at that, particularly w hen we consider the way that Stalin was as yet excited about keeping up peacetime participation as can be seen from the way that he myself didn't react to the Long Telegram, rather deciding to remain silent.Hence, it couldn't be said that the beginning of the Cold War was touched off via Seamans Long Telegram. In any case, it played a key job in making ready for the beginning of the Cold War and thus, I would think of it as a significant prequel to the Cold War itself. Churchill Iron Curtain discourse can likewise be viewed as an occasion that had denoted the beginning of the Cold War on the political front, nonetheless, in my contention; it would likewise not be an occasion that best denotes the beginning of the Cold War.Churchill Iron Curtain discourse, in which he had required an American-British collusion to meet the socialist threat, had supported antagonistic vibe towards the USSR. He said that an iron drape had plunged across Europe and the Soviets were building a realm in Eastern Europe behind this blind. Subsequently, he required an American-British partnership to forestall this Soviet development. This had made distrustfulness and solidified the US general feeling against the USSR, particularly with one specific expression of the discourse: .. . At that point to be sure disaster may overpower us all.Thus, this thusly converts into the solidifying of the Uses arrangements towards the USSR and hence, lead to the beginning of the Cold War. This is on the grounds that the solidifying of the Uses strategies against the USSR implied that the US had placed energetically its approach of regulation. Hence, it is still increasingly proper to state that it was the Truman Doctrine that best denotes the beginning of the Cold War as the occasion had begun the Uses strategy of control. Henceforth, it isn't the occasion that best denotes the Start Of the Cold War thus, despite the fact that many may contend that it s; my halt remains the equivalent.

Masculinity in “A View from the Bridge” Essay

Arthur Miller composed this play in 1955. He has composed numerous different plays including All My Sons, which was a triumph at Broadway. Mill operator was conceived in 1915, in New York City, however the two his parent had emigrated to the US. This play spins around resettlement, so Miller has had a great deal of individual experience. This play is situated in the late 1940’s, soon after the Second World War, when numerous individuals were emigrating to the US, searching for a superior life. In the play, which is situated in Brooklyn, which is a network loaded with dockworkers, we have an image of Eddie, Beatrice and Catherine’s lives when Rodolfo and Marco wrongfully emigrate to the US from Italy. At the point when Catherine (Eddie’s niece) begins to look all starry eyed at Rodolfo, Eddie loses his cool, and reports Marco and Rodolfo to movement. The dramatization closes with the passing of Eddie, as he attempted to execute Marco; Marco turned the blade, and wounded Eddie. There are three driving male characters in the play; Eddie, Rodolfo and Marco, and every one of them assume various jobs and have various sorts of jobs. The first of these men we meet is Eddie. The initial introduction of any character is significant, and the early introduction we get of Eddie is that he is a genuine family individual. He talks complimentarily towards Catherine, â€Å"Beautiful! Turn, around, lemme find in the back. Gracious if your mom was alive to see you now! She wouldn’t accept it.† This gives the peruser the feeling that he is a family individual, who is near his niece. At that point when he hears that Beatrice (his significant other) is cousins have shown up he educates her â€Å"Don’t stress concerning it B., there’s nothin’ to it. Couple of hours and they’ll be here.† This gives us the feeling that he is likewise exceptionally minding towards B’s family, despite the fact that they come in unlawfully. This likewise upgrades the feeling that he is a family man. We are made to accept commonly that he’s a decent man, who esteems his family high. At the point when we hear that Catherine has work, she needed to inquire as to whether it was OK with him on the off chance that she took it. This gives us that he has a ton of status in the house. In the event that he hadn’t any status, Catherine would have goneâ behind his back, and wouldn’t have asked authorization. Eddie then answered by saying â€Å"Sure she’s the best.† This gives us that he thinks about his family and needs the best for his niece. A little later we get notification from a legal advisor called Alfieri. We are accepted to confide in him in view of his intelligence, and position in the network. He is the voice of the network. He at that point tells his considerations towards Eddie. â€Å"He was a decent man as he must be in an actual existence that was hard and even.† The significant word here is â€Å"was†, this gives us that Eddie’s character is very nearly evolving. At the point when we are acquainted with Rodolfo and Marco, there is an enormous distinction between them, first there is their appearance. The feeling that we get of Marco is that he’s a resilient man, and is engaged, on the grounds that Miller depicts him as â€Å"Square-fabricated worker of thirty-two, dubious, delicate and calm voiced.† when he is first presented. This gives us the feeling that he is a tranquil individual, however his mindfulness is generally excellent, he is alarm of what’s around him. During the primary scene where he’s presented, when he talks it’s generally exceptionally short answers, for example â€Å"Thank you† and â€Å"Are you my cousin?† Then again, Rodolfo’s masculinity is very surprising to Eddie’s and Marco’s. Rodolfo is an incredibly alluring youngster, who is extremely touchy. Where Eddie and Marco are significantly more macho than Rodolfo, not at all like Eddie and Marco, Rodolfo sees sewing, cooking and singing as masculine. We are made to accept that Rodolfo hushes up smart, in light of the fact that the language he utilizes is fancy, â€Å"The ponies in our town are skinnier than goats.† One of the most outstanding highlights that Rodolfo has is his â€Å"so blond† hair. Promptly Eddie goes on the safeguard, and say’s that is hair resembles a â€Å"chorus young lady or sump’m.† Then Eddie proceeds to infer that he colors his hair, which in Eddie’s eyes is unsatisfactory. While never saying it, Eddie’s suggesting that Rodolfo is gay. Another factor that conflicts with Rodolfo is that he is a sharp artist, and we hear his rendition of â€Å"Paper Doll†, and in Eddie’s eyes, just gay people sing. Because of the distinction in physical make-up between the two characters, it was inescapable that they wouldn’t have the option to work viably. Marco is loaded with muscle, so he is adjusted to work in a shipyard, but since of his slight build, Rodolfo isn't also adjusted. In my view, he would have been vastly improved in the amusement business, since he is a characteristic joke teller. Nonetheless, Eddie reveals to Rodolfo that â€Å"But as long as you owe them cash, they’ll get you a lot of work† that discloses to us that there are a lot of work in the docks, and Rodolfo is astute and takes the work just to get some cash in. This gives us that Rodolfo has a decent mind, and is increasingly concerned so he can get some cash in to build up himself as an American. In the wake of getting back home from work, Eddie goes on the assault, and subverts Rodolfo’s work rate, since he hasn’t taken at all to Rodolfo, He doesn’t see things like sewing, cooking and singing as masculine. Above all else he gripes that â€Å"he sings.† Eddie is extremely humiliated of this, on the grounds that a large number of his companion for example Louis work there, and realizing that Eddie gives a rooftop to the â€Å"Canary† may under brain his road cred, on the grounds that it’s like Rodolfo’s giving out â€Å"regular free shows†. Indeed, even at home Rodolfo sings, and this truly goes under Eddie’s skin, as he says â€Å"if you came in the house and you didn’t †¦ realize who was singin’, you wouldn’t be lookin for him you be lookin’ for her.† This gives us that Rodolfo isn’t modest about singing. He needs to capitalize on his mysterious voice. By the by, Eddie acknowledges if somebody somehow managed to go to the house, to ask, â€Å"who was singing?† he would be very humiliated to state it was a man’s voice. This is incredibly amusing, in light of the fact that the greater part of the acclaimed Italian artists are tenors. In spite of the fact that at this point a man singing tenor is absolutely satisfactory, back in the time that this play was composed, individuals were less refined, and as I would see it considerably more arranged to generalization individuals. In spite of the fact that Eddie isn’t the greatest aficionado of Rodolfo, we learn toward the finish of the principal demonstration that Rodolfo is the sort of man that Beatrice and Catherine are searching for. When Marco says that â€Å"everybody gets fat† when Rodolfo’s cooking, Eddie attempts to make the most of this against Rodolfo, however the young ladies seeâ through this. Catherine at that point proceeds to laud the way that he could cook, and say’s that â€Å"all the enormous inns (culinary specialists) are men†. This demonstrates she feels that there’s various approaches to take care of business, either through cooking or moving. Straight a short time later, as I would like to think Eddie feels truly defenseless on the grounds that two men have shown up, and he’s apprehensive he would be toppled as lord of the stronghold. So Eddie goes out to win some respect back, and attempts to mortify Rodolfo and Marco. His first objective was Rodolfo. He went for one of Rodolfo’s shortcomings, as he would see it his masculinity; he isn’t sufficient in Eddie’s see so he chooses to educate Rodolfo how to box. Eddie urged Rodolfo to â€Å"put sump’m behind it, you can’t hurt me.† and â€Å"Come on show me! What’re you going to be? Show me!† In my view, Eddie is attempting to show that he’s a superior and more grounded man than Rodolfo; he needs to demonstrate to Beatrice and Catherine, that Rodolfo isn’t the man they think he is. Just to rub the salt into the injury, Eddie â€Å"feints with his privilege and grounds with his right.† A short time later he asks Rodolfo â€Å"Did I hurt you?† In my assessment, Eddie is sitting tight for Rodolfo to answer â€Å"Yes†, so Catherine and Beatrice sees such a frail individual he is, however Rodolfo answers â€Å"No, no.† This shows the strength that has a place with Rodolfo that we haven’t seen before in the play. This shows the peruser that Eddie hasn’t prevailing with regards to embarrassing Rodolfo, yet rather he prevailing to mortify himself. Just to exacerbate things for Eddie, Rodolfo and Catherine proceed with their lives and go to move, they didn’t wane on the circumstance. In the wake of seeing his more youthful sibling being dealt with so shocking by Eddie, Marco chooses to challenge Eddie’s manliness, and carry him down to earth with a blast. All Marco asked is â€Å"can you lift this chair?† It seems like a really simple activity. When Eddie went down on his knees to get it, he comes up short. â€Å"He attempts once more, and again fails.† Then when Marco goes down to get it, he â€Å"raises the seat over his head.† He raised the seat as it was a weapon, and as an expression of caution to Eddie. This gives us that Marco is caring for his nearby family, and needs to ensure that no one shows signs of improvement of them. This lift was all the more an admonition to Eddie not to play with Rodolfo, than all else as I would like to think. He did this as his feltâ quite a solid duty towards Rodolfo. This is an unmistakable sign that Marco is searching for equity, and he isn’t as tranquil a character as Miller initially depicts him. This is an unmistakable similitude among Marco and Eddie, on the grounds that both need to ensure their families. Despite the fact that Mike portrays him as a â€Å"regular bull†, that shows that Marco’s quality has been seen all through the network. Catherine I

Research Paper Topics on International Military Power

<h1>Research Paper Topics on International Military Power</h1><p>Students must build up a strong comprehension of universal military force with the goal that they can get educated on how the military may function. The investigation of military force gives understudies the chance to welcome the different parts of universal force and military strategy.</p><p></p><p>We must set up our understudies to comprehend the most major issues that may emerge from a potential military clash or worldwide emergency. On the off chance that there are clashes between significant forces, the individuals who seek after a military predominance over the other would win. So as to limit the danger of military encounter, military force must be utilized in manners that advantage the benefit of all as opposed to hurt the other side.</p><p></p><p>One significant part of the military is its convention. Military regulation is the vision, reason, and bearing for military tasks. Understudies must find out about the different meanings of military force, regardless of whether it is regular power, digital and data innovation, social impact, joint tasks, or military necessity.</p><p></p><p>Researchers should lead look into papers on universal military force by analyzing how worldwide militaries contrast from their adversaries. What makes the United States so not the same as its partners? Research Paper Topics on International Military Power.</p><p></p><p>Research Paper Topics on International Military Power. For those understudies who are as of now keen on contemplating the point, there are numerous chances to pick themes. The opposition for explore paper themes might be savage, yet the exploration paper should likewise be inspired and elegantly composed. Any composing ought to be persuading and should make a solid contention for the ideal conclusion.</p><p></p><p& gt;Learning about military force additionally encourages the understudy to investigate how universal harmony and security could be kept up. This data will enable the understudy to define a procedure for accomplishing the ideal objective and stay away from war and disorder. Researchers should likewise see how worldwide security identifies with national security. Utilizing military capacity to protect a country's fringes is one case of the advantages of utilizing the military.</p><p></p><p>If you are keen on finding the best research paper points, you can visit the web for thoughts. Simultaneously, in the event that you are an educator, you can utilize this rundown to acquaint understudies with this significant theme. This encourages the understudies to build up a gratefulness for the specialty of research.</p>

A Review of Essay Samples Introduction

A Review of Essay Samples Introduction Essay Samples Introduction Can Be Fun for Everyone Reading is among the most noteworthy features of our lives. Long haul utilization of such medications can diminish the psychological capacities of somebody. Taking everything into account, apparently task articles keep on getting a conspicuous part in tertiary training as an evaluation device. Composing an inside and out paper about an individual or element is very simple as you have the entirety of the fundamental assets and information accessible. The Pain of Essay Samples Introduction To get composing a profile article, you should peruse crafted by people who have composed effective expositions. Profile papers need you to get all the fitting subtleties of your subject, and to just present thoughts that could be bolstered by a set up actuality. The key to composing a tremendous profile exposition is to choose an individual profile paper case of an engaging subject. One of irrefutably the most fundamental things in the scholastic exposition is making the absolute first passage accurately. Subsequently, there are loads of ways an article can be composed. Short expositions are still spend the sort of formal paper in light of the fact that the parts should get remembered for it. The best influential short articles regularly focus on disputable issues. You may present the significant subject of the article and why it is a huge point. Article presentation is your guide for the entire paper. The utilization of the acquaintance is with present your peruser an unmistakable thought regarding what your exposition will cover. That implies you can be guaranteed of incredible grant paper models. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples Introduction? It is vital to go over authentic sources which give trustworthy and precise data in case one's paper is brimming with lies and off base information. Instances of presentation for expositions can be discovered all around the web alongside in many manuals generally accessible available. Short papers are significant when one is wanting to introduce a significant subject without expecting to make parcels out of words or utilizing numerous pages. Article about legislative issues have become the most clear choice on the off chance that you require a definite fire subject. As opposed to prevalent th inking by an extensive piece of understudies, basic article composing isn't tied in with condemning or concentrating on the negative segment of investigation. An infectious article presentation will draw the peruser and catch his consideration for the rest of the segment of the piece. Articles aren't just portrayals of the condition or occasion, it's something else. A self-presentation exposition is, much of the time, composed using the main individual point of view. Having us to address any of the issues that you may confront when thinking of grant article subjects will be shrewd for you. In the occasion you're battling to find the ideal opportunity for your article, you generally have the alternative to contact our modified exposition composing administration. A brisk answer exposition gives the school a helpful window into the candidate's advantages. In that capacity, it doesn't feature any sort of astounding achievement or individual ability. The Ultimate Essay Samples Introduct ion Trick Importance of an awesome acquaintance is beyond the realm of imagination with overestimate, as you won't ever have another chance to gain a positive initial introduction. Since the time that time, the absolute first thing they are educated is the best approach to compose an excellent presentation. Remember that it's not basic to form the presentation first. On the other side, others think that its helpful to make the presentation at first and use it like a framework for the rest of the paper. There's no settled principle for to what extent an acquaintance needs with be. There aren't any severe guidelines about the term of the presentation, however you need to think about the time of your paper when composing it. There are some straightforward advances that you may take to ensure your presentation snares the peruser's advantage and makes way for the rest of your paper. A presentation generally makes up 510% of your whole article, in spite of the fact that there's no outright standard.

Jurassic Book Essay Topics

<h1>Jurassic Book Essay Topics</h1><p>Jurassic book exposition points have been one of the most looked for after themes for a considerable length of time. Truth be told, you might be pondering where the Jurassic Park topic originated from. While the story may have to do with dinosaurs, the topic itself is something different totally. On the off chance that you have not known about it, it is as yet a famous subject among understudies in their senior year.</p><p></p><p>When picking your book exposition points, remember that they should assist you with communicating to the peruser something that is critical to you or your composition. Normally the subjects of books originate from authentic occasions, cherished recollections, or recent developments. Contingent upon what you feel will assist you with getting over your thoughts, you can pick your book paper topics.</p><p></p><p>Jurassic book article points are anything but d ifficult to track down, on the off chance that you recognize what they are. Start by looking into the whole Jurassic Park establishment to perceive what you can get some answers concerning. You can discover a ton about the historical backdrop of this film, including where it was made, the embellishments utilized, and the on-screen characters who were engaged with the film.</p><p></p><p>Once you have taken in everything you can about the Jurassic Park establishment, mull over this data while picking your book paper points. This will give you a superior comprehension of why individuals have enthusiasm for the motion pictures. It might likewise assist you with choosing something that identifies with a story you are experiencing difficulty coming up with.</p><p></p><p>Next, go on the web and begin looking for certain books identified with this subject. While you may not discover precisely what you are searching for, you can begin making yo ur own rundown. Attempt to get whatever number book themes as could reasonably be expected identified with the Jurassic Park franchise.</p><p></p><p>Now that you have the rundown of book article subjects aggregated, set aside some effort to ensure you picked in any event three points that identify with the film. Recall this is only a diagram. At the point when you plunk down to compose your article, the thoughts you concoct should coordinate with what you have on your list.</p><p></p><p>Remember that your paper ought not be great. This is a fundamental layout with the goal that you can return and alter the points until you are fulfilled. Take as much time as necessary, get some criticism, and ensure you have a lot of ideas.</p><p></p><p>Remember that when you pick your book article subjects, you should pick the ones that you believe are essential to you. Few out of every odd school offers this theme so be set up for that. When you have investigated these points, you will be prepared to compose an elegantly composed essay.</p>

Tips For Writing the Best Academic Papers For School

<h1>Tips For Writing the Best Academic Papers For School</h1><p>In composing the best scholarly papers for school, it is essential to have the correct apparatuses. A few people accept that on the off chance that they have had any composing experience, at that point they will have the option to compose adequately. While the facts demonstrate that the vast majority can compose a letter, a report or a story, the ability of composing scholastic papers isn't something that is grown without any problem. Most understudies find that in the event that they don't get ready for this test, at that point they won't compose the best scholarly papers for school.</p><p></p><p>In expansion, numerous individuals accept that on the off chance that they are going to begin their advanced degree, at that point they have to get a high evaluation on their understudy's resume. While this is valid, the aptitude of composing a scholarly paper isn't something that is ed ucated in the early long periods of school. Thusly, while one may accept that one is set up for the scholastic paper that they will compose, they are truly not. It is imperative to start from the get-go in school with composing skills.</p><p></p><p>If an understudy will be a decent author, they should start by composing with their brain, instead of their heart. Albeit one can have the option to introduce a contention that they need others to have confidence in, this isn't equivalent to having the option to build a very much built scholarly paper. Probably the most serious issue that understudies face when they compose their first scholastic paper is that they can not complete it. This is on the grounds that they don't have the foggiest idea what they are talking about.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous individuals who compose with almost no information on syntax and who don't utilize any kind of arranging gadget. This is just not the sit uation when an understudy will be getting ready for a composing task. They should realize how to organize properly.</p><p></p><p>A great wellspring of data when composing the best scholastic papers for school will be an expert composing educator. These people will have a composing course that they are going to offer to individuals. In the event that an understudy needs assistance with composing a paper, they should contact their composing educator and request assistance.</p><p></p><p>They will have a few distinct kinds of composing courses that they can offer to understudies. The understudy should take a gander at every individual course with the goal that they can perceive what every one resembles. Since they will be composing a great deal of papers, they ought to have the option to comprehend everything that is being talked about in the class.</p><p></p><p>Another normal error is to attempt to compose the scho larly paper without anyone else. At the point when an understudy does this, they are not getting the sort of help that they need. On the off chance that the understudy is in a class where composing is a piece of the course, at that point they should take this class.</p><p></p><p>Writing is something that should be finished with a reason. In the event that the understudy won't be utilizing the material as a major aspect of their course load, at that point they ought to consider having their teacher to support them. They ought to figure out how to structure the paper, and they ought to have the option to be capable in the subject.</p>

New Ideas Into Research Paper Topic List Never Before Revealed

<h1> New Ideas Into Research Paper Topic List Never Before Revealed </h1> <p>When you own a rundown before your eyes, it will be a lot simpler to create your brain and start thinking about a particular issue. You wish to discover a subject that has a great deal of accessible material for you to utilize. In case you're permitted to openly pick what things to compose completely all alone, use the opportunity to make something interesting. At that point chase for something you couldn't want anything more than to get familiar with. </p> <p>If you should compose just 1 paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out as you are honored. It isn't constantly easy to be in a situation to reveal an exploration paper that will satisfy your necessities flawlessly. On the off chance that you despite everything feel you need assistance, regardless of whether you've figured out how to choose a theme, you may consistently look for the administrations of a custom c omposing administration that will assist you with creating an awesome research paper of which you'll be pleased and will promise you a decent imprint. To reduce pressure when composing an exploration paper, you should make certain to have picked the correct theme. </p> <h2> Research Paper Topic List - Is it a Scam?</h2> <p>You are expected to compose a minumum of one research paper in a semester for about all the subjects. Expounding on explore paper points can be very intense and tedious for understudies. For certain understudies, an assortment of point is the most effortless part. Without a reasonable substance, astounding examination paper subjects won't bode well. </p> <h2> The Basic Facts of Research Paper Topic List</h2> <p>Attempting to make an exploration paper on a theme that doesn't have a ton of research on it's amazingly hard, so before you pick a subject, do a smidgen of primer looking and be certain you're have all the in formation you need to form your paper. After the point is picked, it is helpful to make a framework so you could see whether you have adequate data for good-organized research paper. While choosing your examination paper theme, you need to make certain it is neither exhausting nor exhausted. It isn't too simple to even think about selecting a legitimate point for your examination paper. </p> <p>Writing an exploration paper despite the fact that may seem testing is an extensive part of routine understudy life. To have the option to form a paper, you should make an examination question. The theory explanation is among the most significant regions of the exploration paper, giving the establishment to composing the full research paper. Whenever you ought to do a little research for a report, exposition, school paper or insightful paper, remember the vertical records. </p> <p>Evidently, you won't can create an examination paper if adequate data concerning the subject isn't accessible. Following your rich research, presently you can proceed onward to drafting a layout alongside all the territories and significant data you may have run into. </p> <h2> How to Get Started with Research Paper Topic List? </h2> <p>You must see totally that you're not composing a clear exposition. Before you begin composing a solitary expression of your paper, you first should comprehend what your proposal will be. To move toward the paper with at any rate nervousness, you ought to pick a theme that you're feeling great expounding on, and one which you're certain you could get a handle on the proper grant on. Following are a couple of the prompted human science article point for those understudies that can't settle on an incredible subject for their task. </p> <h2> Get the Scoop on Research Paper Topic List Before You're Too Late</ h2> <p>For you to form an amazing and fascinating independent company inquire about paper, your decision of point must be in your field of intrigue. Presently there's a rundown of assets. In the event that you despite everything have issues with subject determination, don't stop for a second to demand help at GradeMiners. The two choices aren't sufficient on the grounds that it will be hard to pick the best writing. </p> <h2> The Pain of Research Paper Topic List</h2> <p>Technology is conceivably the most popular point to visit about today. You've looked to a great extent to find an adequate theme for inquire about yet the entirety of your endeavors have gone futile. Not all examination paper themes are made equivalent, and you might want to be certain you settle on an astonishing point before you initiate composing. </p> <p>Once you have a thought of what you might want to expound on, be sure that your subject is neither expansive nor restricted. The points are fundamentally broad. What follows is a broad assortment of the most fascinating examination subjects to have you begun. There are events when you're allocated with the point yet more oftentimes, you'll have to make a theme all alone. </p>

The Benefits Of Samples Of Art Museum Essay About Chinese Art Exhibit

Finding Good Definition Essay Topics

Finding Good Definition Essay TopicsGood definition essay topics should be exciting and motivating. Some students do not like writing essays, but when it comes to writing good essay topics, they become the very best. The first time you sit down to write an essay topic, you will find out how much of a difference it can make in your ability to write more and improve your writing skills.Good essay topics are one of the first steps toward better performance in college, so it is important that you develop good writing skills to become successful in this area. As such, it is essential that you learn to find a few good definition essay topics that will encourage your mind to think creatively and help you think beyond traditional academic writing patterns.Good essay topics are not hard to come by; all you need to do is look around at what is currently being used as an essay topic. If you see the same topics over again, it is time to move on to something new. If you see the same old themes, p erhaps it is time to change them up. Use your imagination to come up with some original topic ideas that will motivate you to learn and write.A good way to find good topics is to go to the Web. There are many websites that have hundreds of unique essay topics. Just type in a topic that interests you will find a large number of interesting options for essay topics.Using the Internet can go a long way toward finding new and inspiring topics. If you have already found some interesting topics, it is time to take advantage of the articles and blogs available on the web. A good essay topic will always have a bunch of interesting and engaging words that will create more interest is a key to writing better.Finally, it is imperative that you consider a few interesting ways to write about the topic that will inspire you to write even better. You will not feel comfortable if your topic is boring and predictable. Always keep in mind that the more exciting and compelling your topic is, the more successful you will be when it comes to writing your essay.For best results, try to keep good definition essay topics to no more than four to five thousand words. This is the minimum you need to cover in order to get by during the first few chapters of your college essays. When it comes to writing good essay topics, keep your essay brief and get down to business.Find a new way to write. Find a new topic. Follow the tips I have listed in this article and you will find that good writing will flow from your fingers like water from a spigot.

Tips on Essay Topics For Women

<h1>Tips on Essay Topics For Women</h1><p>There are various acceptable paper points for ladies and they are best placed enthusiastically in the event that you know the methods of masterminding them. There are a few focuses that can be followed with the aim to make a total structure so as to make it open to you just as to the readers.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that will be thought about before you begin to deal with the lady article subjects is the premise from which you will examine them. Continuously make it sure that you have all the data that you will require in regards to the sort of a subject that you will make. Ensure that you have the consent of the individual who will peruse your exposition with the goal that you will be in a situation to get the data you need.</p><p></p><p>You ought to consistently deal with this and keep a concise story in the opening of your theme. You should figure out how to clarify how this short story would identify with the manner in which you need to introduce the inquiry and replies in your exposition. For this situation, it is prudent to compose your story in the theme with the goal that it is probably the most grounded piece of the essay.</p><p></p><p>The second thing that you ought to consider is that the points that you compose ought to be avoided the more genuine subject. You ought to recollect that the reason for these points isn't to make individuals snicker yet rather to give answers to questions that you need to inquire. This is the reason you should keep your subjects light and simple to understand.</p><p></p><p>The third point that you ought to recall is that you ought to pick the themes that will interest the perusers just as those that will be straightforward. You should clarify that what you are offering will be of help and you will have the option to respond to questions and give answers for issue s. The best methodology for this is to concentrate on the points of interest that are related with the answers.</p><p></p><p>Youcan likewise clarify that there are various article themes for ladies that can be utilized to compose an inquiry and answer paper. The best thing about this is you can pick the best and simpler points just as the harder subjects. That you should simply to ensure that you have the correct information so as to make it an ideal essay.</p><p></p><p>Another certainty that you should remember when taking a shot at article points for ladies is that you can utilize different instruments like your creative mind and human aptitudes to make the task in the right way. That you should simply to give the correct topics that are engaging the perusers just as causing them to comprehend the appropriate responses you will give. At that point, you can include the systems and strategies that will make it a superior bit of work fo r you.</p><p></p><p>The significance of an exposition involves course and consequently you should make it sure that you compose it in a way that will get the information in far. At the point when you have composed and investigated the data you have been searching for, at that point ensure that you present them in the right way. You ought to recall that the peruser should know the appropriate responses and along these lines you have to make it clear.</p>

China Superpower

The Dragon Awakes Will China be the next superpower China is a sleeping dragon. When it awakes, the world will shake. (Eccleston H, 2004, p290). Napoleon Bonaparte made this prophetic comment regarding China in 1808and it would seem that today China has indeed awoken. (Optimize, 2004p. 1). China has had unprecedented economic growth at around 9.5% perineum, a statistic even more impressive amazing bearing in mind that only in 1978 China was poorer than Korea and Taiwan were in the 1960s. (Nye 1997-98 p. 67). China also shows signs of extending its economic reach and is expanding its ventures into developed states. Only recently the Chinese firm Nanjing bought the British ailing car firm MG rover for 50 million. (BBC News 2006 p. 1). Also in 2005 the Chinese Lenovo Group acquired IBMs PC business making Lenovo the third largest PC Company in the world. (Economic Times, 2005 p. 1) There is also a huge inflow of FDI (foreign direct investment) into China. China has established 22,245 new firms attracting $59.2 billion in FDI making a total of $33.4 billion in 2003. This makes China the top destination for FDI and a country that firms want to do business with. (Peoples Daily, 2003). It is thought by some observers that Chinas economy at its present rate could eventually overtake that of the US(United States). (Nye 1997-98 p. 67). If this is so, could China surpass the US in other areas and displace the US as the world superpower. There will be huge implication for international relations if this is to be the case. The writers hypothesis is that Chinas rise to superpower status will mean a shift of economic, military and cultural power from the west tithe east. Drawing on the work of John Mearsheimer that states are power maximizes, China will continue to pursue power in a bid to become the most powerful state in the international system, a position currently occupied by the US. (Mearsheimer 2001 p. 21). Even those who advocate that the spread of liberalism will lessen the need for the pursuit of power have not been able to ignore this development. Fukuyama in his book America at the Crossroads says that social engineering like that seen in Iraq leads to unexpected consequences and undermines its own ends. Therefore actions which are put forward as promoting peace and democracy turn into something they were not intended to be, the promotion of the national interest of the US. (New York Times, 2006 p. 2). Therefore a state whose power is so big it is unchecked is unable to police itself and act benevolently in the anarchic system. Its main concern is the accumulation of power and it will not be satisfied as purported by Waltz defensive realist view, by only seeking to acquire as much power so as to feel secure. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 169-170). A world dominated by China A world dominated by China may be very different than the present world that has for the last two centuries been dominated by a western power. As already mentioned Chinas rise will not result in it being status quo power and therefore it will not be happy to work within system determined by western values. (Guardian 2005 p. 2). China has different values to that of the west and its rise will lead to the promotion of those values through its economic, military and institutional power. Therefore as Huntingdon notes, the new fault-lines will not be between ideologies like the two World Wars and the Cold War but between civilizations. This is due to the different views that cultures have in regard to relationships such as the citizen and the state, husband and wife, liberty and equality. (Huntingdon 1993 p.25). The west has promoted its values of liberalism as being the universal values of the world community. But due to the anarchic structure of the system these values have been used to promote its national interest. China will appeal to those states who have different view of the world that the one being put forward by the US and other western states. These states will have similar cultural values to China which stress the subordination of individual rights and elevate consensus differ from the western beliefs of liberty, equality and individualism. (Huntingdon 1993 p. 29). Indeed China is forging links with states that the US deems as rogue states such as Iran with its recent gas deal worth $100 billion. The US has imposed economic sanctions on Iran and this gas deal is a clear sign that China does not intend to work within a system determined by the US. Further, Iran is looking to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) which could act as a counterweight to US institutional power. (Asia Times 2004 p.1-2). The writer will look at Chinas potential superpower status using the neo-realist theory and its conceptual and methodological framework. This will entail the use of secondary research methods by exploring the concepts of neo-realism through the scholars in this field. This theory rose to prominence during the late 1970s due to the writings of Kenneth Waltz. (Buzau in Zale ski 2002 p. 49). It rests on the earlier realist perspective of writers such as E H Carr and Hans Morgenthau, which was dominant in international relations in the post-World War II era. Realism also rose due to the inability of the liberal perspective and its principles to maintain peace in Europe. (Bur chill, 2001 p. 71). It was concerned with the causes of war and ways in which it can be prevented. (Buzau in Zale ski 2002 p. 48). EH Carrs The Twenty Years Crisis was a critique of the liberal view that co-operation, under institutions such as the League of Nations, would render war obsolete. Carrs theory was proven when World War I broke out the day after his book was published. (Bur chill 2001 p.71). Morgenthaus work, Politics Amongst Nations (1948) sought to apply positivist methodology used in the natural sciences to international relations. Thus we can draw objective knowledge and laws from the social world in the same way that we can from the natural world. (Bur chill 2001 p. 77). He maintains that politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature and that human nature is reflected in the way states behave. The outcomes of the interaction of states are due to the behaviour of statesmen and thus human nature. (Bur chill 2001 p. 83). Morgenthau and Carr draw on a long philosophical heritage going back to the writings of Thucydides 460BCto 406BC and Niccole Machiavelli 1469 to 1527. The neo-realist perspective came about in response to the rise of liberal internationalism and their interdependency theory in the1970s. Neo-realism engages with this approach that deems the state tube less significant in an interdependent world due to the rise of institutions, regimes and transnational corporations. (Bailys Smith 2005 171). Realism recognised that it had to develop new tools to analyse these new developments. Thus realism reinvented itself sane-realism, acknowledging that such non-governmental actors exist, but they have to work within an anarchical international system where there is no overall authority above that of the sovereign state. This means states can never fully co-operate within these institutions due to the possibility that one state may gain more out of this co-operation. The anarchic structure of the system is where neo-realism departs from the earlier realist theory that human nature determines how states behave. Waltz systemic approach Waltz systemic approach is that it is the structure of the international system that determines the way states behave and not human nature. Despite this departure it can be said that there are core theoretical elements that underpin the earlier classical realism, modern realism of Carr and Morgenthau and Waltzs structural realism. This is known as the realist triangle of state, survival and self-help. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 163). The primary actor in the international system is the state. This can be traced back to Thucydides time when the unit of analysis waste city-state or polis. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 163). That said, Carr and Morgenthau were less state-centric in that they did not envisage the state as the final form of political community. (Burchill2001 p. 76). The state is the only legitimate representative of the people and it uses this legitimacy to wield its authority within and outside the state. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 163). The second core element is that of survival. The priority of the state is to ensure its own survival in the anarchic structure of the international system. This concept is present in Machiavellis The Prince which details what leaders must do to keep hold of their power. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 174). The third concept is that of self-help that Waltz deems necessary to gain security in an anarchic structure. Hedley Bulls The Anarchical Society(1977) concurs with Waltz that all states exist in an anarchical society where there is no higher authority than the sovereign state. Therefore national interest is the states first duty that ensures the right for citizens to feel secure within state borders. Self-help is necessary as this cannot been trusted to anyone else and this is achieved through the accumulation of power to reduce vulnerability in the anarchic system of states. The states first law of motion is to preserve the state and in order to do this it must pursue power. (Bailys Smith p. 162-3, 169). The writer has also been inspired by the academic Paul Kennedy (1989)in his book: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. The writer will use this thesis to assess whether China is rising at the expense of the decline of the US. According to Kennedys thesis the rise and fall of power is cyclical thus once a great power has arisen it must inevitably fall. A state that has achieved economic strength will protect that strength using military power but this involves great cost. Eventually the cost will be too great and the power will decline and be replaced as evidence by the decline of Britain in 1873. (Nye 1990 p. 3) The United States has undoubtedly been the great power of the 20thCentury. Will it remain so during the 21st century or will it fall and be replaced by China thus confirming Kennedys thesis that all great powers will eventually follow this decline thus paving the way for the next great power? There are those who believe the era of the superpower is coming to amend. Fukuyama believes that states will not need to rival each other for power. The spread of liberal democracy and its sidekick liberal economy has triumphed over other regimes. (Fukuyama 1992). It is further believed that open economies create interdependency and sharing of common interests. (Nye 1997-98 p. 76). Also, the state is in relative decline due to the emergence of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and (World Bank) and also MNCs (multinational corporations. (Bailys Smith 164). Even in the US Congress the former House of Representatives speaker Newt Gingrich does not regard Chinas growth as in any way a threat whilst there are those who have views to the contrary. This highlights how the theoretical debate translates into apolitical one. There are those who view the universalism of western liberalism as unchallengeable and now the norm. This view may be borne out by the fragmentation of the Soviet Union but Matthew Rees views Chinas position as similar to that of the Soviet Union in that it threatens western values of liberty and democracy. (Nye 1997-98 p.65-66) . Mearsheimer has also warned of complacency against the Chinese threat, stating of the current good relation between the two states: this US policy (of containment) is misguided. A wealthy China would not be a status quo power, but an aggressive state, determined to achieve regional hegemony (Mearsheimer 2001) Another writer in this field Joseph Nye refutes the claim that the state is in relative decline. His thesis is that the classic realist view of states as the most important actors cannot be disputed due merely to the rise of NGOs. This is because it underestimates the nature of the system of states that is anarchic in structure. Therefore if there is no higher authority to settle disputes the state cannot leave its survival to others. It must ensure its own survival and the only way this can be done is for the state to increase its power capabilities. (Bailys Smith 164). Thus in regard to on-state actors it is business as usual in that non-state actors must still work within a system of states. Thus states will still vie for power within these organisations. (Bailys Smith p. 173). This is the soft power element of the state. Definition of power Mans control over the minds and actions of other men. (Morgenthau (1948) cited in Bailys Smith p. 173) Power is a highly contested concept because it is difficult to assess what elements actually constitute power. The traditional view of powers the possession of resources that include the size of population and territory, military might and economic strength. (Nye 1990 p. 26). Thus the resources of each state can be measured and compared. But measurement is not enough as evidenced during World War Two when France and Britain had more tanks that Germany but still Germany was able to outmanoeuvre the allies. Therefore when assessing power we also need to assess a states ability to convert its resources into such power assume states can do this more effectively than others. (Nye 1990 p.27). These avenues to power will be explored and the evidence that China has these capabilities will be extrapolated. The basis for power does not remain unchanged and must be assessed in its own context. For example the basis for power in 18th Century Europe was its population as it provided soldiers and tax resources. Today it is much more difficult to pinpoint the resources that provide the basis for power. (Nye 1990 p. 27) It is therefore not sufficient to look at the concept of power merely in terms of hard power or tangible resources. As Nye has noted in the post-cold war era there has been a shift in the balance of power in the anarchic system. The bipolar world has shifted to one that is unipolar with the US as the sole superpower. The US has exhibited all the usual traits associated with this position such as military, economic and territorial strength. But advances in technology and the emergence of NGOs and MNCs have meant a closer more interdependent world. Interdependence between states does not mean co-operation as liberals purport. It can be used to further national interest and this type of influence is the intangible soft power element of state apparatus. (Nye 1990 p.30). We can see soft power in action through the Washington consensus where the US is the leader in these institutions. We can also see soft power through the spread of the USs liberal ideology in terms of economics and politics in what Fukuyama has called the Triumph of Liberal Democracy. (Fukuyama, 1992). This soft power has served to reinforce the USs hard power resources by gaining it consent and legitimacy as the dominant power. (Nye 1990 p. 33). The universalism of American culture has also helped to further the power of the US by enabling it to establish values and beliefs that are consistent with its own society. Therefore the thesis of this dissertation is that China will be the next superpower by maximizing its hard power resources to secure itself in the anarchic system of states. Also, due to interdependence among states and the growth forgoes and MNCs it will seek soft power in its pursuit of power capabilities. The consequences of this systemic shift will mean the promotion of Eastern collective values over Western liberal individualistic tendencies. Part One: Hard Power Resources The Economy: If, as Kennedy suggests, Chinas rise will be at the expense of the US, then at present most US concerns are directed at rapidly growing Chinese economy. There are certainly some impressive claims being made about the rise of Chinese economic power. Jeremy Warner writes that like it or not, from Chinas impact on finite world resources to climate change and the laws of supply and demand, it is transforming the way we live with a speed barely imaginable just a few years ago(The Independent January 27, 2006). Over the last 27 years, China has grown at an average rate of 9.6 present per annum, reaching a GDP of 2.2 trillion in 2005 (The Independent January 27, 2006). In 1979, China represented 1 per cent of the world economy, with foreign trade totalling $20.6 billion. Today China accounts for 4 per cent of the world economy, with $851 billion in foreign trade, the third largest in the world (Fijian 2005, p19).There is of course still a lot of progress to be made Chinas economy for example is still only one seventh the size of that of the US(Fijian 2005, p19) but it is the rate of growth, along with plans for future expansion, the countrys high savings ratio, and plans to expand supplies of nuclear , clean coal, hydro-electric and renewable forms of energy that lead US experts to believe that one day China will challenge the US as the worlds dominant superpower. Larry Summers, former US Treasury Secretary has compared the integration of China into the world economy as one of the three gr eat economic events of the last millennium on a par with the renaissance and the industrial revolution (The Independent, July 23, 2005). The US has had similar fears about economic competition in the past. In the early 1980s it had concerns about the economic successes being enjoyed by Germany and Japan fears that were allayed after stagnation in both countries. With China however, US fears appear to be deeper-rooted, primarily at the incredible rate of progress seen in China. Whilst the US economy may still be much larger at present, the rate of growth in China will continue to narrow the gap quickly. And of course, there is an ideological issue at the heart of the US fears about China how is a Communist country succeeding where others have stumbled? The answer lies partly in Americas own attempts to take advantage of the economic conditions in China when Deng Xiaoping began to open up China to the rest of the world. China had historically been an insular nation, separated from the rest of the world and failing to make the most of its earlier technological advances. Deng understood that whilst China had a huge labour force, to succeed it needed to be organised, competitive in international markets and producing the type of goods that the rest of the world wanted to buy. For this to happen, China would need help from the outside world. The result has been huge foreign investments as companies from across the world have attempted to take advantage of Chinas low labour costs. As Stephen King concludes, foreign investors have turned China into the worlds biggest assembly plant: China may be a one-party state, but the authorities know all about Adam Smith and the division of labour (The Independent, February 13, 2006). China is gradually picking off the economies of other G7 nations. Whilst its economy is still considerably smaller than Americas, by the end of 2004 it was bigger economically than France, Italy and Canada(The Independent, February 13, 2006). Germany and Japan are likely tube overtaken soon and then China will have the US firmly in its sights. It will have the opportunity to challenge US regional and global hegemony. Whilst there is an optimistic view that the economic growth in China will lead to long-term mutually beneficial cooperation with the US, more likely outcome is growing tension between the two. As China continues to grow, it will gradually begin to demand more of the worlds scarce resources oil prices for example are already high and may be pushed higher by Chinese demand. The same will happen with other commodities with the result that Chinas success increases the commodity bill for US consumers and increases global competition for raw materials. The US consumer may also put pressure on the government to curb Chinese economic expansion. With petrol being so lightly taxed in the US, motorists are affected directly by oil price rises. As The Economist reports: they want somebody to blame and they may have heard that China is scouring the world to lock op oil supplies for its own energy security (The Economist, September 3, 2005). Both the US and China have some common economic interests. Both benefit from free trade for example. However, with China now exporting six times as much to the US as it imports from it (The Economist, September3, 2005)., it is now China that has the most to gain, something of an irony after years of America hammering on its door to access Chinese markets. There have also been concerns in the US that China is trying to but its way into strategic assets within the US. In June 2005,CNOOC, a Chinese state controlled company attempted to buy Unocal, medium sized US oil company. Hawks within the US administration argued against allowing oil firms to fall into Chinese hands and, with public opinion in the US against the deal, it eventually fell through. The Chinese view on globalisation has been mixed. There is a view that globalisation gives a stronger reason for economic cooperation between economically strong states and certainly the acceptance of global brands into Chinese culture supports the argument that it has embraced globalisation. On the other hand, globalisation tends to reinforce US and Western interests first and foremost and the 1997-99 Asian financial crisis has convinced many within China that it could expose Chinese economic vulnerability. As Foot concludes: with Americas advantage in technological innovation, revolution in military affairs and cultural domination, globalisation seemed to confer gains on Washington and thus further to reinforce the unipolar structure (Foot2006 p82). Military Power To assess Chinas rise to Superpower status we need to look at how it ranks in regard to military strength and capability. (Waltz 1979 p.131). The Neo-Realist view is that the nation-state is the most natural form of society and it should be defended for the national good. (Kennedy p. 90). Armies are essential for controlling land and bringing security to the nation state and which is the main objective in a world of states in a system of anarchy. (Mearsheimer p. 86). Due to competition for resources in a world of anarchy military powers a crucial instrument of the national interest. (Garnett, 1987 p.71). Thus military power is monopolised by states and used to protect states from external force. It is the capacity to kill, coerce or destroy and plays a significant part in international politics that will not be supplanted until the system of states is transformed. (Garnett 1987, p. 69-71). Those who have the most military strength are usually the most influential and the most respect ed in the system and certainly a proposition shared by Mao Ste-Tungs saying that political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. (Garnett 1987, p.74). Recent analyses of the Chinese military threat from Washington have expressed growing concern. The 2005 Pentagon report concluded that China could threaten not just its smaller regional neighbours like Taiwan but eventually modern militaries operating in the region. This can be taken to include the US. (Washington Post July 23, 2005). Yee and Storey suggest that there are a number of contributing factors to the belief that China is gradually attempting to extend its influence in the region 1)its territorial disputes with other countries in the region have intensified, 2) its rapid economic development has accelerated its military modernisation process and 3)China has elevated re-unification with Taiwan as a higher priority following the successful retrocession of Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in1999(Yee and Storey, p4). These factors can be interpreted as evidence of strategic expansion in the region, with territorial claims on the islets in the South China Sea being seen in particular by Chinas neighbours as a sign of a policy of expansion. The hard-line policy on Taiwan and the refusal to abandon the threat of military force against it is also seen as evidence of an aggressive state. As Harry Harding writes: the rest of the world has viewed the prospect of a Greater China with both fascination and alarm. Some see it in benign terms, as a dynamic common market that provides growing opportunities for trade and investment. More frequently, however, there has been concern that the combination of economic and military resources available to China will pose a significant threat to the commercial vitality and the strategic stability of the rest of the region (Yee and Storey p4). There is certainly evidence that China is building up its military capability to the point where it could at least challenge the US in the region. Whilst Kennedy had written in 1989 that Chinas army is strong numerically but woefully under equipped in modern instruments of war(Kennedy 1989, p577), more recently China has bolstered its naval, submarine and cruise missile capabilities, is in the process of purchasing advanced aircraft systems and is building a nuclear missile arsenal that is capable of striking virtually all of the United States(Washington Post, July 23, 2005). Whilst much has been made of Chinese reforms since 1979 since in terms of economic growth, it is important to realise that there have been great efforts made to reorganise the military from the early 1980sonwards. Plans were put in place to reduce the Peoples Liberation Army from 4.2 million to 3 million (Kennedy 1989, p579) and develop a much more professional force with a higher quality of personnel. In 2000, the total estimated strength of the Chinese military was 2.5million, of which an estimated 1.8 million are ground forces. The overall strategy for the PLA is an overall reduction and reorganisation of both equipment and personnel with a view to creating a more modern and mobile army. In terms of equipment, China falls a long way behind the US military but is looking to modernise. It has a tank inventory of around10,000,many of which are Soviet or Chinese built. Its air force possesses around 4,350 aircraft, the majority of which are combat aircraft. The government is also looking to develop a local aerospace industry that would have the capability to produce technologically advanced aircraft, whilst continuing to import aircraft from Russia. The government also has plans to buy a number of AWAC aircraft from Israel. More recently there have been statements from Chinese military strategists that indicate that China is gearing up to use its military hard power resources. Taiwan will be the most likely arena for the flexing of Chinese military power. General Wen Zinger , political commissar of the Academy of Military Science has stated that the Taiwan problem is of far reaching significance to breaking international forces blockade against Chinas rise to rise suddenly, China must pass through oceans and go out of the oceans in its future development(Washington Post July 23, 2005). For proponents of the Chinese threat, such statements support the realist view that China is seeking to increase then demonstrate its power in the international arena. Just as Morgenthau argues that the pursuit of power in world politics is both natural and justified, surrealists will argue that China will become unsatisfied with the existing global power structure and adopt a policy of imperial expansionism aimed at attaining both regional and global hegemony (Yeaned Storey 2002, p7). Whilst China also has the option of economic and cultural means to accomplish its strategic objectives, military force remains the most traditional form of imperialism, and the most likely course for China to take once its economy is fully developed. Joseph Nye observes that the rise of China is actually a misnomer and that a more accurate term would be the re-emergence of China. Certainly, China has long been a major power in East Asia, and technologically and economically it was the worlds leader (though without global reach) from 500 to 1500, before being overtaken by Europe and America. Indeed, Chinas re-emergence would equate with Kennedys argument that power across the globe is cyclical. China already has some issues with the US and the other great powers over foreign policies. As a member of the UN Security Council it has traditionally opposed the views of Western states on the international arena and is continuing to do so in spite of its closer economic ties with the West. Whilst China may accept that at the present time it must operate in a US-dominated unipolar world, it believes that its future should at least lie in a multipolar world encompassing the US, China, Europe, Russia and Japan (Foot, 2006, p81). Certainly during the 1990sthere was Chinese unease at the continued American dominance in global affairs with issues such as further NATO expansion eastward, the renegotiation of terms of the US-Japan alliance, US defence missile systems and intervention in Kosovo being of particular concern. Chinas population can be both a hard power resource and a burden. Its current population of 1.3 billion is expected to continue to rise until2030 when it will peak at 1.5 billion before going into decline. Population of such a size is of course a huge resource in terms of manpower, yet a huge burden on the domestic economy and from a domestic security point of view and massive number of people over which to maintain effective control. Western states continue to lobby the Chinese government for greater democratisation, yet the fear of anarchy from a more liberalised system would appear to be keeping the leadership committed to an authoritarian regime. From a realist perspective, it is the combination of economic and military power of China that will ultimately lead to conflict with thus. The build-up of such hard resources will be seen as a threat by thus regardless of any good neighbour policies that Chinese diplomats may point to. Realists within the US policy making sphere will argue that China is merely biding its time until its economy is strong enough to provide a basis for future hegemony. Thucydides argument that the belief in the inevitability of conflict can be the cause of war is appropriate here if both sides believe they will eventually end up in conflict, the military build-up will continue, economic cooperation will fade away, and conflict will become unavoidable. China will eventually have to seek further power in order. Certainly, as the Chinese economy continues to grow, it is likely that its military power will increase. For example, early in 2005, it announced a 12.6 per cent increase in defence spending (Nye, Daily Times March 27, 2005), something that makes it appear more dangerous touts neighbours and further complicating US military commitments in Asia. A RAND study has projected that Chinas military expenditure will be more than six times higher than Japans by 2015 and accumulated military capital stock at around five times higher (Daily Times, March27, 2005), again something that suggests it is looking to achieve regional hegemony before aiming its sights higher and looking for global hegemony. Whilst a global military challenge to the US in the short term is unlikely, there is certainly a possibility that China could challenge the US in East Asia, or even more probably over Taiwan. China would almost certainly intervene militarily if Taiwan were ever to declare independence, irrespective of the military or economic cost. No Chinese leader can afford to be seen as the one that lost Taiwan permanently and at present, the Wests main concern about the Chinese military rests around possible action in Taiwan. Chinas perception of US strategic aims is also an important factor, particularly set against the theory that two nations that believe in the inevitability of war will eventually come into conflict. There has been criticism within China of the Bush administrations attempts to move the focus of strategic policy away from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This has included an increase in military assistance to Taiwan, and, in the eyes of some Chinese commentators, adjusted China into the position of strategic enemy. Undoubtedly, in the eyes of some US officials, China is already a strategic competitor or opponent rather than a partner. Zhou Jamming has commented that the US view of China is something that could escalate tension between the two nations: the security situation we face now is that we are being treated as the main opponent, not the secondary opponent, by the worlds only superpower. The situation is not temporary, but will continue for a long time. When faced with such a situation, we must consider our countrys national security strategy, national development strategy and national unification strategy from the perspective of a worst not best, possible (scenario) and from a practical situation rather than idealistic principles. Only then can we stand firm and face the current severe situations (Nye and Storey p31). Similarly, at present, whilst the US still has an undoubted military and economic superiority over China, it can be the perception of threat that can lead to tension between China and other nations. Yeaned Storey argue that it is an imagined or hypothetical Chinese threat that may hinder its relations with other countries, distorting its image across the globe and so having a negative impact on its open door policy and the process of democratisation (Yee and Storey p33). Many Chinese, including elements of the leadership find it difficult to understand that the West sees the country as such a threat. There is feeling amongst the Chinese that the West is attempting to demonise China and that the idea of China as a threat is indeed becoming threat to China in itself. The neorealist view that an emerging power will eventually generate confrontation with an existing power is almost self-perpetuating the belief in the West that China is a threat will eventually force China to act aggressively in its own defence. Within China, the theory of the Chinese threat is seen as evidence that Western powers do not wish China to become strong, powerful and prosperous. In fact, the idea of a Chinese threat has itself become motivating force for Chinese nationalism. The accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999 sparked a wave of anti-Western demonstrations across China. Clearly there is an element faint-Western feeling that may manifest itself in a more serious form in the future. China continues to strengthen its regional alliances, a further sign that it sees itself as a long-term challenger to US dominance. In August 2005, it carried out its first joint military manoeuvres with Russia (The Economist September 3, 2005) and whilst both nations stated that the event was an anti-terrorist operation, it is hard to believe that there was not an implicit message to the US involved. Of equal concern to the US, is Russias supplying of military equipment to China. During the recent joint manoeuvres, Russia deployed strategic bombers that military analysts believe China would like to buy as part of preparation for possible future conflict with the US over Taiwan. Chinas hard power resources are still a good way behind those of thus. However there is evidence that its economy will certainly continue to grow in the coming decades into a position where it becomes a direct competitor to the US. The Chinese military is also reorganising and building up its strength. If it can do so to the same extent that the economy, then China will have the hard power resources to challenge US dominance. Soft Power Resources: Soft power resources can encompass a number of different factors, from a nations ability to influence and set the agenda on the international stage, to the appeal of its culture, values and beliefs. In the case of China, its lack of democracy and poor human rights record have led to questions about its values and beliefs, yet its recent economic development, the positive nature of its public and official diplomacy and the strength of its business community have contributed to an increase in its soft power. It is an important concept; whilst there has been a great deal of attention paid to Chinas growing economic and military power, far less has been paid tithe rise of its soft power, and as Nye suggests: in a global information age, soft sources of power such as culture, political values and diplomacy are part of what makes a great power. Success depends on not only whose army wins, but also on whose story wins (Wall Street Journal Asia 29 December 2005). Chinese leaders have primarily utilised soft power resources in an attempt to portray itself as a still developing nation with a long term strategy no more ambitious than establishing itself as a great power, yet still secondary to the US in a still unipolar world. Whilst realists will argue that China is a long-term threat to US global dominance, a number of other commentators see Chinas aims as peaceful. This is very much the impression that the leadership likes to portray. General Xing Sizing, President of the National Defence University has written: Chinas socialist system determines that my country will always adopt an independent and peaceful foreign policy, aiming at retaining world and regional peace as well as a good neighbourly policy towards our border states. Chinas socialist system also determines that my country will always adopt a defensive national defence policy and military strategy. Now and in the future, my country will not seek global or regional hegemony, nor w ill join any military alliances, nor will participate in any form of arms race, will not station troops or establish military bases abroad, and will not start a war to invade another country (Nye Storey, p27). Rosemary Foot argues that the Chinese accept US dominance on the international stage, whilst being confident that China is at least on the rise, unlike former superpower rival Russia. Whilst China has increased its military spending over the last decade it is not about to exhaust itself in an unproductive arms race with the US (Foot 2006p83). Foot suggests that from the start of its reform period in 1979, the key goal for China has been achieving a comprehensive national strength, something that requires a peaceful regional and global environment. Again, the Chinese leadership has attempted to influence others that its rise would be benign and mutually beneficial the Foreign Minister stated in 2002 that the development of China is not challenge, nor a threat, it is a new opportunity for development (Foot2006, p85). The messages coming out of China, in effect the show of soft power, consistently suggests that the nation simply wants to concentrate omits economic development without any form of conflict. Sheng Fijian argues that China will transcend ideological differences to strive for peace, development and cooperation with other nations that will be beneficial for all (Fijian 2005, p22). Chinas development targets for the next 50 years are also designed to reassure the US that its intentions are peaceful, targeting a doubling of its GDP by 2010, further doubling by 2020, with an aim to advance until 2050 until it Isa prosperous, civilised nation, on a par with the middle rung of nations (Fijian 2005, p24). The Chinese leadership would also like to portray its acceptance that the US remains the only country with the capacity and ambition for global primacy. It will argue that the US has sufficient hard power advantages over any other nation to remain dominant, that military victory in Afghanistan has strengthened the US position as it now has political, military and economic footholds in Central Asia and that it has also strengthened its military presence in South East Asia, the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. Wang Jixi supports the Chinese leadership in attempting to set this type of agenda, arguing that the gap between the two nations is too great for a US-USSR style confrontation. He states, Chinas political, economic, social and diplomatic influences on the US are far smaller than the US influences on China (Jixi 2005, p41). From 1996,China has adopted a new security concept as a way to boost its soft power. With this concept it has moved away from power politics to develop a more prominent role in promoting regional security. Number of its actions have been designed to boost its standing in the region: it offered assistance to neighbours during the 1997-99financial crisis; it has engaged with the ASEAN regional Forum Adaptec; in November 2002 it signed up to the Declaration of parties in the South China Sea, renouncing violent means of dealing with disputed sovereignty claims in these waters, and; in 2004 it joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group and applied for membership of the Missile Technology Control Scheme (Foot 2006, p86). China has also stepped up its contribution to UN peace building and peacekeeping operations in an attempt to portray itself as a responsible emerging power. Even in its direct relations with the US, China has attempted to accommodate when possible. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, China allowed the FBI to set up a legal attach office in Beijing (Foot 2006, p86)and whilst disagreeing with the war in Iraq, was less vocal in its criticism than the likes of France and Germany. The only issues over which China has consistently disagreed with the US in recent years are Taiwan, US criticisms of its human rights record and Chinas view that the US has attempted to undermine the role of the UN Security Council. Whether the Chinese government actually has a defined strategy for soft power is debatable. Soft power generally stems from non-governmental institutions such as businesses or cultural groups rather than particular governmental actions, yet in China it would appear that soft power tools are operating within a framework developed by the government. Whilst it lacks the economic power of more developed nations, China has stepped up its aid to developing nations and has built up a range of bilateral relations with nations as diverse as Russia, India, France, Iran and Brazil (Foot 2006 p85) to serve as a form of insurance policy should relations with the US deteriorate. Soft power can also include the promotion of language and culture. China promotes the spread of its language and culture both throughout South East Asia and the rest of the world and more recently there has been an increase in outbound tourism, again boosting the image of China, particularly across South East Asia. Enrolment of foreign students into China has increased from 36,000 to 110, 000 over the last decade and the number of foreign tourists has increased to 17 million(Wall Street Journal. 29 December 2005). Chinese books, television shows and brands are growing in popularity across the region and into Europe for example Kieran, shirt sponsors of Everton FC, used the profile of the Premiership to build awareness of its mobile phone brand. (Eaves, Epson Fletcher 2005). China is attempting to enter the area of global popular culture as well, a further method of exercising soft power. The 2000 Nobel Prize for Literature was won by Chinese novelist Gaol Xingjian and the Chinese film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was the highest grossing on-English film (Wall Street Journal Asia, December 29, 2005). In thus, Chinese basketball player Yao Ming is the star of the US National Basketball Associations Houston Rockets and of course Beijing is set-to host the 2008 Olympic Games. China will also point to its lack of resources in some areas as another tactic in the sphere of soft power. Whilst its economy has made huge gains, Chinese officials will argue that in per capita terms it remains ranked 100th in the world (Fijian 2005 (p20), a fact that leaves it ranked as still a low-income developing country. China will also suggest to those who see it as a threat that is still has huge poverty and a scarcity of natural resources. Its per capita water resources are one quarter of the world average, its per capita resources of cultivable farmland 40 per cent of world averages and its per capitol and gas resources are 8.3 per cent and 4.1 per cent of world averages respectively (Fijian 2005 p20). In diplomatic circles, China will use facts such as these to play down its ambitions. It will suggest that it is different to emerging powers of the past in that its rise is driven by capital, technology and resources acquired through peaceful means rather than by wars of ag gression. Ultimately Chinas greatest soft power resource is its ability to influence on the international stage and maintain the concept that its not a threat to the US or the second rung of world powers. Whilst realists may ignore this line of argument, there are many others who have been persuaded. Rosemary Foot summarises the views of those who accept the Chinese line: China does not seek hegemony or predominance in world affairs. It advocates a new international, political and economic order, one that can be achieved through incremental reforms and the democratisation of international relations. Chinas development depends of world peace a peace that its development will reinforce(Foot 2006, p25). Chinas soft power is an important resource. The spread of Chinese culture across south east Asia is gradually extending its influence throughout the region and its ability to sell itself as a peaceful nation on the world stage is convincing some to turn a blind eye to the dangers of its economic and military gains. Part Three: Liberalism or Authoritarianism? Chinas authoritarian socialist political system is seen as another important factor contributing to the Chinese threat. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, China has taken on the mantle of being the worlds last major communist power. Over the same period, a number of other regimes in East Asia have overthrown authoritarian regimes and embraced democracy for example South Korea, Indonesia and the Philippines. China has made little progress in moving towards democratic reform, despite Western pressure that followed the Tiananmen Square incident in1989 and this remains one of the major sources of tension between China and the West. The Chinese leadership refuses to accept or adopt Western democratic values or to share its centrally controlled political power with its population. Those who have attempted to push for peaceful political reform in China have been frustrated despite the spread of liberal democratic values and ideas in other parts of the region. It Isa situation that continues to put China at odds with the US and other major powers. As Yee and Storey conclude: As far as the West is concerned, socialism is no longer a viable political system and theres continuous resistance to democratisation is unacceptable (Yeaned Storey, p3). There are of course vast ideological differences between China and thus, the superpower that it may one day usurp. From a realist perspective, it is these differences that will lead the two nations almost inevitably into conflict should Chinas economic rise continue. There are two broadly contrasting views of relations between the US and China: firstly the hope that China will find long-term accommodation with the US and the economic benefits of partnership will outweigh the need for confrontation and; secondly the realist view that predicts conflict on the grounds that China will eventually be tempted to try-out its military strength, and also that the US will never tolerate China as a world power of even as a secondary world power in Asia and the Pacific. The ideological differences between the two are beginning to emerge, particularly amongst US conservatives. Many feel that Chinas military build-up plus its sale of arms to states seen as rogue by the US is threat. Others are concerned that Chinese bids for US oil firms are part of a strategy to buy up America and threaten its security, whilst ideological differences with the American Christian Right are even more pronounced the lack of religious freedom and birth quotas in particular are repellent to many in the US (The Economist, September2005). The US military and defence policy makers also view with concern the improvements in the military capability of what they see as a nasty authoritarian regime. The Pentagon is rightly concerned that Chinas rapidly modernising army appears to be far larger and better equipped than its own defensive needs require. A recent review concluded that: China does not now face a direct threat from another nation. Yet, it continues to invest heavily in its military, particularly in programmes designed to improve its power projection (The Economist, September 3,2005) China most certainly appears willing to make alliances with countries that are seen as unacceptable to the US Iran is the most obvious example of this. The West also needs to realise that there are plenty of other nations that do not necessarily aspire to the Western democratic model of government and may look to China than the Wests liberal democracies for future alliances. Chinas economic success under an authoritarian regime must give food for thought to political leaders elsewhere. Russia for example, with its history of autocratic tsars and a communist one party state may come to see China as a role model for economic recovery. As Stephen King argues: Chinas strength not only changes its relative economic position vis--vis the US, but through boosting the incomes of commodity-producing nations around the world, is making them think twice about their support for US economic and political hegemony (The Independent, February 13, 2006). There are in essence, two fundamentally contradictory forces within Chinese politics that mirror encapsulate the tensions between liberalism and authoritarianism. Economically, China has fully embraced capitalism and has made a success out of doing so. Domestic politics however remains based on an old-fashioned Soviet style Politburo and Central Committee. The free market economy has been readily accepted, yet at the same time the leadership governs in a repressive manner, keeping a tight control over many aspects of peoples lives. Censorship of the media is strictly controlled and the government goes as far as employing large numbers of bureaucrats whose sole job it is to censor internet website deemed as contrary to the revolutionary ideals of the government (www.queensjournal.ca). China has also realised that US global hegemony is not merely economic, military or territorial. The US also uses ideology as a weapon across the globe, highlighting democracy and human rights as values that should be the international norm. US intervention abroad for example, is usually carried out under the flag of fighting for democracy. Obviously, the two nations have little in common in this area China may well see itself as a standard bearer for other forms of government, those that do not necessarily conform to the Western style forms of liberal democracy. The clash between authoritarianism and liberal democracy is likely to remain a key element of relation between China and the West. The US remains outwardly committed to the spread of Western friendly democracy across the globe, whilst Chinese leaders remain steadfastly opposed touch values. Such a clash of values leaves little real hope furlong-term strategic partnership between China and the US. If China reaches a point where its economic and military strength equals that of the US, conflict over ideology is a likely consequence. Conclusion: The US holds the unchallenged position of being the worlds only superpower at present. International relations take place in a unipolar world, where a tier of great powers such as Germany, Japan and the Unveil for position in a second tier of states. None of these states are likely to challenge the global hegemony enjoyed by the US. China however is different. It may at the present be time be further behind the US than other powerful states, but such is the speed of its economic growth that it seems inevitable that it will, within the next two to three decades, be best placed of the rest of the nations in the world to challenge US dominance. There is some debate as to whether China really wishes to challenge thus it may be more beneficial to work as a strategic partner and assume the benefits of economic cooperation with the US. The difficulty however, is that the established nation state system may not allow this to happen. The temptation to pursue further power from a position of strength has guided states for many centuries. The fact that Chinas economic growth may one day put it on an equal footing with the US will almost inevitably lead the two into conflict. The US will increasingly see China as a threat, and China will eventually reach a point where, for its own security, it will feel it necessary to challenge the US. There are contrasting views as to how Chinas rise will affect the future international order. Whilst the argument of Kennedy et al is that the dominance of all superpowers must eventually to end, there Isa view that the US position is simply too strong to be overtaken and certainly that China is too far behind ever to challenge the US militarily. China certainly prefers to suggest that is unlikely to ever seriously challenge US hegemony. The relative hard power and soft power resources of the existing superpower and the emerging power give some idea as to whether China can overtake the US. At present, the US economy remains considerably larger than the Chinese, yet notably the gap is shrinking. Most economic analysts predict Chinese parity in the next 30 to 40 years. In military terms, the US appears even further ahead of China, yet it would seem that China is now making a determined effort to rectify this. Military spending is on the increase and a more modern, professional military is appearing. Much of the Chinese military still remains outdated, yet as its economy grows, as does its capacity to invest in its military. It may be some time before China can challenges global hegemony, but gradually China is flexing its military muscles and exerting a greater regional influence. Neorealist theory argues that a growth in military strength will follow a rise in economic power and this is what is happening in China. Its increase in defence spending in recent years would suggest that it has ambitions greater than simply maintaining its own regional security. China would appear to have advantages over the US in terms of soft power and is becoming increasingly influential on the international stage because of this. The war in Iraq has damaged the international reputation of the US and thus its ability to influence indirectly the actions of other states. The deaths of Iraqi civilians and a growing belief that the conflict was engineered to give the US access to Iraqi oil has lessened the ability of the US to utilise soft power and win the hearts and minds of other states. Chinas opposition to the war and support for the role of the UN in contrast has put it in a better light with other states opposed to the US action. The continued efforts of Chinese diplomacy to sell the idea of its peaceful rise is again a triumph for soft power and something that is allowing the Chinese to continue its economic and military growth without the concern that it perhaps justifies. Chinas ability to form partnerships and alliances with nations from different parts of the globe and with a variety of political systems also serves of evidence of its growing influence. With this there is a likelihood of a growing movement of social, economic and political power from West to East. The continued growth of Chinese influence may lead to the Western liberal democratic values becoming more marginalized across the globe. The classic realist argument of the likes of Morgenthau was that the tendency to seek power and dominate is a natural element of all human associations and thus part of the essence of international politics. Agnation state will pursue its political power and national interest ball available instruments. China is doing this at present through economic growth. It is its most effective means at present of maintaining the national interest. At some point however, China will have to consider the use of military force to further its interests. The scarcity of natural resources will almost certainly bring China into confrontation with the US a state that is unlikely to accommodate an equal in military or economic terms. 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